The below question needs to answer using the attached materials. The direction on how to answer the question is attached. This is for a discussion post. Please see attached materials Questions.

The below question needs to answer using the attached materials. The direction on how to answer the question is attached. This is for a discussion post. Please see attached materials Questions.
Discussion Forum -Directions and Rubric CRJU 388 Goal : We will use the online discussion board s to demonstrate your understanding of the topics , and to interact by sha ring your ideas , learning , and diverse perspectives with each other . Please read the instructions, expectations , and grading rubrics below so that you know what to do , and how to do it. Original Thread P osts : You will answer an online discussion question posted in a discussion forum labeled by week (Discussion week 1, 2 etc .). Discussions for the week will open on Sunday. Cl ick to open the discussion and then create your own thread to post your response to the question by Wednesday . You will not see other s thread responses before posting your own . You may only create ONE thre ad per question . Be sure to read each question carefully and post your thread response (answer) to the question by the due date on the syllabus. Your answer must be no less than 300 and not more than 5 00 words . You must use support in each post that prove s that you are reading and viewing all of the weekly material s. This means that you clearly document where your information c ame from to answer the question based on the use of several specific weekly reading s, lecture s, and video s. Support is required consistently through the post using the format of in -text author attribution in parenthesis . For example (Lecture , week 2), (Author name , article abbreviated name ), (War on Drugs video , week 4 ). DO NOT USE QUOTES ! I will deduct points for this. Instead, paraphrase in your own words , provide the reference source per my examples above, and state an educated understanding and not unsupported opinion . Thread posts are graded on a 1 -10 scale per the rubric below. G rammar, spelling, clarity and thoroughness of posts all count so proof your work before posting . I suggest that you ty pe your response in a word processing program , save, edit, spell check and then copy and paste it into the post using the Ctrl C and Ctrl V function s. Once submitted, your post can not be edited, and it is now viewable by all member s of the class who have already posted. Y ou can now see others post s to respond to. Pl ease, don’t just re ply to a peer on the day you post , wait until a majority of replies are in to pick one that is most salient to you. Peer re ply posts are a direct reply to one of your classmate’s thread s and are due by Friday . Read through the threads, select the one you’d like to respond to , and click reply to their thread . Try to find someone who has yet to receive a response for equity . Start with t he peer’s name, ‘Hi John ’, and then reflect , react, and show an understanding of their ideas . You can ask critical question s and add to their knowledge by us ing required support from readings, lectures , videos , and your own experiences . Remember to reply with respect, to invite more dialogue then sign your name at the end . After Friday all discussions close! Peer replies should be at minimum 5 sentences in length , not to exceed 300 words. Replies are graded on a 0 -5 scale and spelling, grammar, clarity and editing apply per the rubric below. Exampl e of poor post s-“Great job, I agree, keep on keeping on! ”. “I never use Tic Toc so I have no idea what stuff is posted there ”. “We saw in one lecture (I forget which) how this happens for sure! ” Example of a good reply post – You raise good points John . As we learned from our lecture and reading s this week, we have to consider why people feel the need to use Hate Speech and how fast it spreads online ? What do you think? It’s clear that bias plays a larger factor online since it allows for anonymity , most post things they would never say face to face (J. Smith, Internet hate speech ). Add to this that the US Sup reme Court has a problem with restricting hate speech as free speech . (Lecture, week 2) and yet I think it should be restricted much more strongly that it is. People should be ‘free ’ from encountering such offensive statements online . Discussion and Pe er Re ply Grading Rubric Remember to use support of reading and viewing of videos and lecture in you r answers . You can save your posts as a draft to review before submission. Grading is based on a combination of requirements below. Each original post is 10 points and each peer response is 5 points . Discussion Grading Rubric – Original Thread Post /Answer to Questions Points Requirement combinations 10 Answer was relevant to the question posed . The answer was clear and offered excellent critical thought or novel insights into the topics . The answer contained strong support from all of the course materials (100%) . The answer generated interest and discussion. Post was clear, concise, and appropriate with no grammatical errors. The post was 300 -500 words in length and on time . 8-9 The answer was relevant to the question posed . The answer was clear and showed a good understanding of the topics . The answer contained good support from all of the course materials (80 -100 %) and good critical thought. The answer generated thought and discussion. Post was clear, concise and appropriate with no grammatical errors. The post was 300 -500 words in length and on time . 6-7 The answer was relevant to the question but may have been difficult to understand in areas. The answer showed a moderate understanding of topics and moderate support from the assigned material (60 -80%) with moderate critical thought. Writing was unclear or contained some grammatical errors. The post was 300 -500 words in length and no later than one day late . 4-5 The answer did not clearly address the questio n, or it did not demonstrate a n understanding of the topic . The answer contained minimal support of the assigned materials (40% -60%) and/ or minimal critical thought about the topi c, contained multiple errors or was less than 300 words or was two days late . 2-3 The answer did not address the question, or it did not demonst rate an understanding of the topic. There little support of course materials (less than 40%) and/ or no critical thought. There were many grammatical errors. The post was less than 300 words or two days late . 0-1 There was no post. Peer Re ply Grading Rubric Points Requirement combination 4-5 The peer reply was clear, concise and appropriate. The reply clearly addressed the peer by name and pointed out content in the peer’s post to discuss. The reply showed understanding of their peer’s written ideas , engaged the directed peer in the discussion and provided new insights into the topic. The reply was 5 or more sentences in length and did not exceed 3 00 words . Post was signed. 2-3 The peer reply was clear and appropriate. The re ply clearly addressed the peer by name and showed understanding of their peer’s written ideas but did not point to specific content in the post and /or did not provide new insights , or/or did not engage the peer . The re ply was too brief or exceeded 300 words . Post was not signed 0-1 There was no reply , or t he reply was unclear, inappropriate or contained errors. It was too brief or exceeded 300 words. The reply did not generate further thought or understanding of the peers’ writings . No names were used.
The below question needs to answer using the attached materials. The direction on how to answer the question is attached. This is for a discussion post. Please see attached materials Questions.
8/29/2021 Two Decades After Brandon T eena’s Murder, a Look Back at Falls City – The Atlantic https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/12/two-decades-after-brandon-teenas-murder-a-look-back-at-falls-city/282738/ 1/12 U.S . T w o D ec a d es A ft e r B ra n don T een a’s M urd er, a L ook B ack a t F alls Ci ty E ag er to co me to term s w it h h is d ep artm ent ‘s t ra g ic m is h and li ng of t he r ap e t hat l ed to th e m urd er o n N ew Y ea r’s E ve i n 1993, a sm all – to w n s heri se ns it ivity training. B y S te ph anie Fair y ing to n DEC EMBER 31, 20 13 Brandon Teena, left, with Lana Tisdel in an undated photo (As sociated Press) T w enty yea rs a go in a lit tle N ebra sk an t ow n ca ll e d F all s C it y , a hand so m e 21- yea r-o ld t r a ns man w it h big blue e yes w as br uta ll y be ate n, r ap ed a nd m urd ere d in o ne of t he m ost h eino us h ate crim es in A merica n h is to ry . H is na me w as B ra nd on T eena . Sub sc rib e S HA RE 8/29/2021 Two Decades After Brandon T eena’s Murder, a Look Back at Falls City – The Atlantic https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/12/two-decades-after-brandon-teenas-murder-a-look-back-at-falls-city/282738/ 2/12 dra m atiz a tio n B oys D on’t C ry in 1999 th at m ad e B ra nd on’s s to ry f am ili a r t o m illi o ns o f A merica ns —a nd won H ila ry S wank an O sca r f or h er m oving portr a y al o f h im . Bra nd on l eft h is h om eto w n o f L inco ln, N ebr ask a, f or F all s C it y a t t he a ge o f 20, h oping to sta rt a ne w lif e in a comm uni ty w here no one kne w h im . H e s ta rte d d ating L ana Tis d el, a nd fou nd a fam ily o f s orts i n h er i nne r ci rcl e o f f rie nd s, i ncl uding Joh n L otte r a nd M arvin “ Tom ” N is se n. B ut u pon d is co vering Bra nd on w as a bi olo gica l fe m ale , L otte r a nd Nis se n beca me o bs esse d w it h p ro ving his a na to m y t o L ana , fo rcibl y d is r o bing h im in a bath ro om on C hris tm as E ve, a nd hou rs l ate r, r ap ing him . O n N ew Y ea rs E ve, to prev ent h im fro m ever p re ssing ch arg es, t hey k ille d h im and tw o b ysta nd ers. B ra n don f aced a d em ea n in g a nd d eh um an iz in g l in e of q uestio n in g f ro m the R ic h ard so n C ou n ty S heri w hen r ep ortin g h is a tt a ck ers. T od ay, L otte r r em ains on d ea th r ow at T ecu mse h S ta te C orre ct io na l I ns tit u tio n, h aving been co nvicted of th e kil li ng s w it h N is se n ’s t estim ony . N is se n i s s erv ing thre e li f e s ente nce s a t th e L inco ln C orre ct io na l C ent er. I n 2007, h e r eca nte d h is o rig ina l te stim ony and no w adm it s h e m urd ere d t he t hre e v ict im s w it h L otte r a s h is a cco mplice . But a no th er O n D ece mbe r 25, m ere h ou rs a ft e r be ing sex u all y a ssa u lt e d , B ra nd on f ace d a dem ea ning a nd deh um aniz ing lin e o f q uestio ni ng fro m the R ich ard so n C ou nt y Sh eri L .A . o C: [ A]ft e r he pulle d y ou r p an ts d ow n a nd s een y ou w as a gir l, w hat d id he do? D id he fo n dle y ou a ny? B : N o. C : H e d id n ‘t f on dle y ou a ny, hu h. Di dn ‘t t ha t k in d o f a m aze y ou ?…D oesn ‘t t ha t k in d o f, a h, get you r a tte n tio n s om eho w t hat he wou ld ‘v e p ut hi s ha nds i n y ou r p an ts a nd p la y wi th y ou a lit tle b it ? … 8/29/2021 Two Decades After Brandon T eena’s Murder, a Look Back at Falls City – The Atlantic https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/12/two-decades-after-brandon-teenas-murder-a-look-back-at-falls-city/282738/ 3/12 C: [ Y]o u w ere a ll ha lf – a ss d ru n k…. I c an ‘t b eli e v e t ha t i f he pulle d y ou r p an ts d ow n a nd yo u a re a fem ale t ha t he did n ‘t s tic k hi s ha nd i n y ou o r hi s B : W ell, he did n ‘t . C : I can ‘t b eli e v e he did n ‘t . … C :…Di d he ha ve a ha rd o n when he g ot b ack t he re o r w ha t? B : I don ‘t k now . I did n ‘t l ook . C : Y ou d id n ‘t l ook . Di d he tak e a lit tle t im e w ork in g i t u p, o r w ha t? D id y ou w ork i t u p fo r hi m? B: N o, I did n ‘t . C : Y ou d id n ‘t wo rk i t u p f or hi m? B: N o. C : B: I gu ess s o, I don ‘t k now . C : Y ou d on ‘t k now …Di d, when he got i n t he back s ea t y ou w ere a lr e a d y s pre a d o ut b ack the re r ea d y f or hi m, wa it in g o n hi m. B: N o, I wa s s it tin g u p when he got b ack t he re . …. C : A nd y ou ha d n ev er ha d s ex b efo re ? B : N o. C : H ow o ld a re y ou ? B : 21. C : A nd i f y ou ‘r e 21, y ou t hi nk y ou ‘d ha ve, y ou ‘d ha ve, t ro u ble g ettin g i t i n? …. C : W hy do y ou r un a ro u n d wi th gi rls i nst e a d o f, a h, g uys b ein g y ou a re a gir l y ou rse lf ? B : W hy do I wha t? C : W hy do y ou r un a ro u n d wi th gi rls i nst e a d o f g uys b ein g y ou ‘r e a gir l y ou rse lf ? 8/29/2021 Two Decades After Brandon T eena’s Murder, a Look Back at Falls City – The Atlantic https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/12/two-decades-after-brandon-teenas-murder-a-look-back-at-falls-city/282738/ 4/12 B: I ha ven ‘t t he sli g ht est i dea . C : Y ou ha ven ‘t t he sli g ht est i dea ? Y ou g o a ro u n d k issi n g o the r g ir ls ?….[ T]he gir ls t ha t d on ‘t k n ow a bou t y ou , t hinks [ si c ] y ou a re a guy. D o y ou k iss t he m? …. B: …I have a sex u al i den tit y c risi s. C : A wha t? B : I ha ve a sex u al i den tit y c risi s. C : Y ou wa nt t o e xp la in t ha t? B : I don ‘t k now i f I can e ven t alk a bou t i t…. I r ece ntl y r e-w atch ed S usa n M usk a a nd Gre ta O la fs d ottir ‘s E mmy-no mina te d 1998 docu menta ry , w hich une arth ed th is e xcr ucia tin g e xch ang e. into an a partm ent in F alls C it y to atte nd all t he t ria ls a nd sent enci ngs. W it h ou t t heir e x ce lle nt inv estig ativ e j ou rna li s m w e w ou ld h av e ne ver l ea rne d o f t he e xtr e m e mis co nd uct a nd inh um anity Bra nd on s u it s o m eth ing pa rticu la rly pe rv erse a bo ut a m an e ntru ste d w it h t he d uty t o p ro te ct ch oosing ins te a d to hurt a nd hum ili a te . P eir ce , w ho a ls o s pe nt m ore th an h alf a d eca de r ese a rch ing and m ak ing her to u nd ersco re th e d is tu rbing a nd partici pato ry na tu re o f L au x’s q uestio ns abo ut t he crim e b y pl ay ing out th e ra pe sce ne in grille d b y L au x.  Wh en I rece ntl y s poke w it h P eir ce , s he no te d “ a l ev el o f p ro vo ca tio n and plea su re [ th at L au x d eriv ed ] o ut o f m ak ing Bra nd on r eli v e h is o w n t ortu re .” D espite am ple e vid ence , Lau x negl ect ed t o a pp re h end and ch arg e L otte r a nd Nis se n, g iving th em th e o ppo rtu nity to plan a nd execu te B ra nd on’ s m urd er t w ent y y ea rs a go to d ay o n D ece mbe r 31, 1993. J oA nn B ra nd on, B ra nd on’s m oth er, w as e vent ually a w ard ed $5000 f or w ro ng fu l d ea th , $7000 f or i nt ent io na l i n d is tr e ss, $80,000 f or “ m enta l s u I w ond ere d if th e s ta in o f L au x’s l eg acy still l ing ere d in F all s C it y ‘s S h eri if th ey ‘d m ad e pr oce du ra l e A ft e r a ll, t r a ns gend er rig hts a nd vis ibil it y h av e incr ea se d s ig ni s ince 1993. To O 8/29/2021 Two Decades After Brandon T eena’s Murder, a Look Back at Falls City – The Atlantic https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/12/two-decades-after-brandon-teenas-murder-a-look-back-at-falls-city/282738/ 5/12 Omah a. I wheth er h e h as a ny reg re t a bo ut th e w ay h e h and le d t hing s. e n tr u ste d w it h t he d uty t o p ro te c t c hoosin g in ste a d to h urt a nd h um ili a te . “I’m pr etty s ure h e w ill no t s pe ak w it h y ou ,” H ou se r w ro te i n a n email. H e enco ura g ed m e, h ow ev er, to giv e i t a try . W hen m y l ette r r eq u esting an i nterv ie w w ent u nanswere d , I ca lle d L au x’ s h om e i n D aw so n. “ Yo u k no w, y ou p eo p le a re a p ain in th e a ss!” h e y elle d , u pon h ea rin g w hy I w as ca ll i ng , and hung up. “ h e’s bl am ele ss. I ‘m sure it’ s a d efe ns e m ech ani sm .” H ou se r u pd ate d m e o n L au x’s l if e s ince 1993. J ust a few y ea rs a ft e r t he t ra g ed y, h e w as v ote d co mmis sio ne r o f Rich ard so n C ou nty . W hen h is te rm end ed , h e t ook a job a s a co rre ct io ns o Nebra ska Sta te P enite ntia ry , w here L otte r s it s o n d ea th r ow . A s r ece nt ly a s 2010, h e ev en s erv ed o n h is co mmunity ‘s V illa g e B oard . N ow retir e d , h e d riv es a sch ool bu s. s ch ool—s urpris ed m e. “ Well,” H ou se r l au gh ed , “ th ese a re n’ t e xact ly o re w ard !” H e j oke d th at F alls C it y “ is a few m ile s f ro m the e nd s o f t he e arth ,” bu t a ssu re d m e th at h e a nd his co mpa tr io ts “ are a lot m ore e vo lv ed t han y ou m ig h t e xp ect .” M any law enf orce ment o se rie s o f ba d d ecis io ns w ere m ad e b y t he g uy a t t he t op a nd that w on’ t be me i f so m eth ing like th is h appe ns again. T od ay, po li ce veh icl es a re e qu ippe d w it h in- car v id eo s a nd o wir e le ss m icr oph one s s o th ey a re m oni to re d a nd held a cco unt abl e f or t heir a ct io ns . Als o , ba sic l aw -e nf orce ment tra in ing is a n i ntens e 16 w eek s a t t he N ebr ask a L aw E nf orce ment T ra ining Center in G ra nd Isla nd , w here t he cu rricu lu m incl udes a vie wing and dis cu ssio n o f th e a nd sta g ed s exu al- a ssa u lt a nd dom estic- vio le nce sce na rio s be tw een s tr a ig h t a nd gay co uple s. N ot to ju stif y h is w ro ng doing , bu t t o p artia ll y e xp la in L au x’s i gno ra nce , Hou se r t old m e th at L au x’ s tra ining w as f ar in fe rio r t o w hat o h is th ir d 4- yea r te rm as s heri 8/29/2021 Two Decades After Brandon T eena’s Murder, a Look Back at Falls City – The Atlantic https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/12/two-decades-after-brandon-teenas-murder-a-look-back-at-falls-city/282738/ 6/12 tr a ining experience wa s pr oba bly i n t he l ate 70′ s o r e arly 80′ s, w hen i t l aste d a ll o f s ix w eeks .” T od ay, B ra nd on T eena ’s e xpe rie nc e w ou ld be di Cou nty now h as a cce ss to service s f ro m Pro je ct R esp ons e, a support a dvo ca cy gro u p ba se d o ut o f O mah a a nd Linco ln t hat a ssis ts w it h d om estic v io le nce and sex u al a ssa u lt ca se s. “ If th ere w as s tr o ng evid enc e o f w it ne ss i nt im id atio n o r r ep ris a l a s t here w as i n th is ca se ,” H ou se r e xpl aine d, “ we w ou ld link up w it h P ro je ct R esp ons e a nd that pe rso n w ou ld be pu t in a safe h ou se , g iv en a cell p hone that ca n o nly d ia l 911 a nd th eir pe rso na l ph one wou ld be taken a way f ro m them so t heir p erp etr a to rs ca n’t t ra ck th em dow n. ” “A ra pe,” h e co ntinu ed , “ espe cia lly o ne inv olv ing kid na pp ing , p hysica l a ssa u lt a nd dea th th re a ts w as a s ra re th en a s it i s t od ay. o rd er vio la tio ns , D UIs , d riving u nder s usp ens io n a nd dom estic v io le nce . [A ca se l ik e B ra nd on’ s] w ou ld be an e merg ency , a dro p -e v ery th ing sit u atio n—a nd it w ou ld pr oba bly be hand ed o ver to sta te p atr o l i nv estig ato rs, w ho h av e m ore r eso u rce s.” H ou se r l iv es w it h h is w if e o f 33 y ea rs, J uli e , e ig h t bl ock s f ro m the co urth ou se . I n mod ern- day F alls C it y —po pula tio n 4,300—co nserv atis m co mes i n t he f orm of “m ind you r o wn bu sine ss, l iv e y ou r o wn l if e ,” h e t old m e. W hile h e’s s ure t here a re s o m e g ay s in to wn, “ th ey ‘r e no t o vert a bo ut i t. R ECO M MEN DED R EA D IN G I co uld n’ t q uit e te ll if he m ea nt it app ro ving ly —a s i f g ay s s hou ld a vo id p ubl ic d is p la y s o f a t r a ining is clea r: H e r efe rre d to Bra nd on a s “ sh e,” ca lle d be ing tra ns gend er a A Bo y’s L if e Wh en t he R efu ge es L an ded E LA INE G ODFREY D AV ID FR UM 8/29/2021 Two Decades After Brandon T eena’s Murder, a Look Back at Falls City – The Atlantic https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/12/two-decades-after-brandon-teenas-murder-a-look-back-at-falls-city/282738/ 7/12 “li f e sty le ,” a nd suggeste d d is crim ina tio n t ow ard s g ay p eo p le w as no n-ex is te nt in F alls C it y . I a ske d, h ypo th etica lly , if he’d be w illi ng to d o a L GBT-s e ns it iv it y t ra ini ng sessio n w it h P FL A G , a queer a dvo ca cy gro u p f ou nd ed in 1972 t hat h as d one sig ni enf orce ment o utr e a ch in th e pa st, a s a w ay t o a ck no wle d ge t he m is h and li ng of Bra nd on’ s ca se a nd “O h a bs olu te ly !” h e r espo nd ed . “ P FL A G w as h appy to help o ut w hen I exp la ine d t he i d ea . L iz O wen, t he co mmunica tio ns dir e cto r o f P FL A G N atio na l i n W ash ing to n D .C., a rra ng ed f or E lle n Ja m es o f th e O mah a ch apte r to train H ou se r a nd his s ta “ W e h av e a tra ining s essio n s ched u le d o n J an 18t h,” H ou se r w ro te t o m e t w o w eek s la te r. “ I a ls o invited our l oca l po li ce dep artm ent and ne ig h bo ring Sheri Ja m es, a law yer w it h a tra nsgend er d au gh te r, w ill be covering a lot o f g ro u nd , acco rd ing to O wen: “ Basic e du ca tio n a bout t he L GBT co mmuni ty —d e expl aining th e d i orie nta tio n. S he w ill a ls o co ver th e t erm ino lo gy i n t he t ra ns gend er co mmuni ty ; f act s abo ut h om ele ss y ou th a nd rese a rc h o n f am ily a cce pta nce ; and be st p ra ct ice s f or o “I w as d is cu ssing th e u pco ming pr ese nt atio n w it h o ne of m y d ep u tie s,” H ou se r w ro te to m e in o ne of o ur l ast e m ail e xch ang es, “ and he a sk ed : ‘ W hat i s t he d e tr a ns gend er pe rso n? ‘ I str u ggle d to de th at a tra nsgend er pe rso n is whate v er t hey s ay t hey a re .” I t’s a sim ple co nce pt—h ono ring how ev er p eo p le w ant to d e re q u ir e s a lea p o f im ag ina tio n L otte r, N is se n a nd Lau x co uld n’ t m ak e—a nd it w ou ld h av e m ad e a ll th e d i M OST P OPU LA R Vaccin e R efu se rs D on’t G et t o D ic ta te T erm s A nym ore J UL IETTE KAYYEM S te ph anie Fair y ing to n is a jou rna li s t in N YC . Twitter 8/29/2021 Two Decades After Brandon T eena’s Murder, a Look Back at Falls City – The Atlantic https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/12/two-decades-after-brandon-teenas-murder-a-look-back-at-falls-city/282738/ 8/12 The R em ote W ork – F ertili t y C on nec tio n STE PHANI E H. MU RRAY T he P an dem ic B ro ke a F un dam en ta l P rin cip le o f T ea ch in g ABB Y FRE IREICH AN D B RI AN PL ATZER W hat I L ea rn ed W hile E av esd ro p pin g o n t h e T ali b an IAN FRIT Z W hat I L ea rn ed W hen I R en te d M y P are n ts’ F orm er H om e a s a n A ir b n b THA D RUS SELL A m eric a n s A re L osin g S ig h t o f t h e P an dem ic E ndgam e CÉL INE R . GOUND ER T ru m pis m H as E nte re d I ts F in al F orm P ET ER WE HNER A S h if t i n A m eric a n F am ily V alu es I s F ueli n g E str a n gem en t JOS HUA C OLEMAN T he S an ctio n in g o f T ru m p’s L aw yers I s E xactly W hat I s S u ppose d to H ap pen B RA DLEY P. MOSS AN D J OA NNE M OLINARO T he P an dem ic ’s W ro n gest M an DER EK TH OMPSON M ake y o ur i n b ox m ore i n te re stin g . 8/29/2021 Two Decades After Brandon T eena’s Murder, a Look Back at Falls City – The Atlantic https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/12/two-decades-after-brandon-teenas-murder-a-look-back-at-falls-city/282738/ 9/12 Id eas t h at m atte r. S in ce 1 8 57. Sub sc rib e a n d s u p port o ve r 1 6 0 y e ars o f in d ep en d en t jo urn alis m . SU BSC RIB E A BO UT C O NTA C T PO DC ASTS S U BSC RIP TIO N FO LLO W Priv a c y P o lic y D o N ot S ell M y P e rs o nal I n fo rm atio n A dve rtis in g G uid elin es Te rm s C ond it io ns R esp onsib le D is c lo su re S it e M ap T h eA tla n tic .c o m C op yrig ht ( c ) 2 0 21 b y T h e A tla n tic M onth ly G ro up . A ll R ig hts R ese rv e d . E ac h w eekd ay e ve n in g , g et a n o ve rv ie w o f t h e d ay ’s b ig gest n ew s, a lo ng w it h f a sc in atin g id eas, im ag es, a n d p eo p le . S ee m ore n ew sle tte rs E n te r y o ur e m ail S ub m it 8/29/2021 Two Decades After Brandon T eena’s Murder, a Look Back at Falls City – The Atlantic https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/12/two-decades-after-brandon-teenas-murder-a-look-back-at-falls-city/282738/ 10/12 8/29/2021 Two Decades After Brandon T eena’s Murder, a Look Back at Falls City – The Atlantic https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/12/two-decades-after-brandon-teenas-murder-a-look-back-at-falls-city/282738/ 11/12 8/29/2021 Two Decades After Brandon T eena’s Murder, a Look Back at Falls City – The Atlantic https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/12/two-decades-after-brandon-teenas-murder-a-look-back-at-falls-city/282738/ 12/12
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Responding to Hate Crimes: A Police Officer’s Guide to Investigation and Prevention What Is a Hate Crime? Hate crimes and hate incidents are major issues for all police because of their unique impact on victims as well as the community. This guidebook will explain the differences between hate crimes and hate incidents and how to respond to both. A hate crime is a criminal offense committed against persons, property or society that is motivated, in whole or in part, by an offender’s bias against an individual’s or a group’s race, religion, ethnic/national origin, gender, age, disability or sexual orientation. (Definition developed at the 1998 IACP Summit on Hate Crime in America.) Legal definitions of hate crimes vary. The federal definition of hate crimes addresses civil rights violations under 18 U.S.C. Section 245. As of 1999, 41 states and the District of Columbia have hate crime statutes that provide enhanced penalties for crimes in which victims are selected because of a perpetrator’s bias against a victim’s perceived race, religion or ethnicity. Many states also classify as hate crimes those in which a victim is selected based on a perception of his/her sexual orientation. Hate crime definitions often encompass not only violence against individuals or groups but also crimes against property, such as arson or vandalism, particularly those directed against community centers or houses of worship. Check your state statutes for the definition of hate crime in your jurisdiction. Accurate and comprehensive police reporting is essential to understanding the prevalence and patterns of hate crimes both locally and nationally. The federal Hate Crimes Statistics Act of 1990 (Public Law 102-275 April 23, 1990) encourages states to report hate crime data to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Twenty-three states and the District of Columbia require the collection of hate crime data. In 1997, 11,211 state and local law enforcement agencies voluntarily reported 9,861 hate crime offenses to the FBI. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO RESPOND TO HATE CRIMES QUICKLY AND EFFECTIVELY? Hate crimes differ from other crimes in their effect on victims and on community stability: Hate crimes are often especially brutal or injurious. Victim(s) usually feel traumatized and terrified. Families of victims often feel frustrated and powerless. Others in the community who share the victim’s characteristics may feel victimized and vulnerable. Hate incidents can escalate and prompt retaliatory action. Hate crimes and hate incidents create communitywide unrest. A swift and strong response by law enforcement can help stabilize and calm the community as well as aid in a victim’s recovery. Failure to respond to hate crimes within departmental guidelines may jeopardize public safety and leave officers and departments open to increased scrutiny and possible liability. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A HATE INCIDENT AND A HATE CRIME? Hate incidents involve behaviors that, though motivated by bias against a victim’s race, religion, ethnic/national origin, gender, age, disability or sexual orientation, are not criminal acts. Hostile or hateful speech, or other disrespectful/discriminatory behavior may be motivated by bias but is not illegal. They become crimes only when they directly incite perpetrators to commit violence against persons or property, or if they place a potential victim in reasonable fear of physical injury. Officers should thoroughly document evidence in all bias-motivated incidents. Law enforcement can help to defuse potentially dangerous situations and prevent bias-motivated criminal behavior by responding to and documenting bias-motivated speech or behavior even if it does not rise to the level of a criminal offense. What Is an Effective Police Response to Hate Crimes? Police officers and investigators have important roles to play in responding to hate incidents and crimes. By doing the job efficiently and carefully, police can reinforce the message that hate crimes will be investigated aggressively, thus enhancing the likelihood of a successful prosecution. POLICE OFFICERS ARRIVING ON THE SCENE SHOULD ACT IMMEDIATELY TO secure the scene stabilize the victim(s) and request medical attention when necessary ensure the safety of victims, witnesses and perpetrators preserve the crime scene; collect and photograph physical evidence such as hate literature spray paint cans threatening letters symbolic objects used by hate groups (e.g., swastikas, crosses) identify criminal evidence on the victim request the assistance of translators when needed conduct a preliminary investigation; record information on identity of suspected perpetrators(s) identity of witnesses, including those no longer on the scene prior occurrences, in this area or with this victim statements made by suspects–exact working is critical arrest the perpetrator(s) if probable cause exists Note: In the presence of the victim, the officer should neither confirm nor deny that the incident is a hate crime–that determination will be made later in the investigative process. After taking immediate action, police officers should assign only one officer to interview the victim(s) whenever practical in order to minimize trauma protect the anonymity of victim whenever possible explain to victim and witnesses the likely sequence of events, including contact with investigators and the possibility of media coverage refer victim to support services in the community; provide written resource lists when possible tell victim how to contact the police department to obtain further information on the case report the suspected hate crime to the supervisor on duty refer media representatives to the supervisor on duty or public information officer document the incident thoroughly on department report forms, noting any particular hate crime indicators and quoting exact wording of statements made by perpetrators assist investigators in making any other reports that may be required under federal or state guidelines and laws When conducting a thorough follow-up investigation, officers should interview victims(s) and witnesses thoroughly and respectfully secure evidence by taking photos of offensive graffiti or other symbols of bias document the circumstances and apparent motives surrounding the event locate and arrest any suspected perpetrators not apprehended at the scene provide their supervisor or public information officer with information that can be responsibly reported to the media inform victim of what is likely to happen during the continuing investigation appeal to witnesses to come forward by canvassing the community offer rewards for information about the incident when possible coordinate with other law enforcement agencies in the area to assess patterns of hate crimes and determine if organized hate groups are involved collaborate with the responding officers to complete any written reports required by their department, state and federal agencies notify the FBI if further assistance with investigations is needed What Are the Key Indicators that a Hate Crime May Have Been Committed? The main difference between a hate crime and other crimes is that a perpetrator of a hate crime is motivated by bias. To evaluate a perpetrator’s motives, you should consider several bias indicators: perceptions of the victim(s) and witnesses about the crime the perpetrator’s comments, gestures or written statements that reflect bias, including graffiti or other symbols any differences between perpetrator and victim, whether actual or perceived by the perpetrator similar incidents in the same location or neighborhood to determine whether a pattern exists whether the victim was engaged in activities promoting his/her group or community–for example, by clothing or conduct whether the incident coincided with a holiday or data of particular significance involvement of organized hate groups or their members absence of any other motive such as economic gain The presence of any of these factors does not confirm that the incident was a hate offense but may indicate the need for further investigation into motive. A victim’s perception is an important factor to consider, but be aware that victims may not recognize the crime as motivated by bias. Victims should not be asked directly whether they believe they were the victim of a hate crime, but it is appropriate to ask if they have any idea why they might have been victimized. Victims and perpetrators may appear to be from the same race, ethnicity/nationality, or religion, but it is the perpetrator’s perception of difference (whether accurate or not) motivating his or her criminal behavior that would constitute a hate crime. What Are the Best Approaches for Working with Victims of Hate Crime? Hate crimes are unique. Victims of hate crimes are targeted because of a core characteristic of their identity. These attributes cannot be changed. Victims often feel degraded, frightened, vulnerable and suspicious. This may be one of the most traumatic experiences of the lives. Community members who share with victims the characteristics that made them targets of hate (race, religion, ethnic/national origin, gender, age, disability or sexual orientation) may also feel vulnerable, fearful and powerless. In this emotional atmosphere, law enforcement officers and investigators must attend carefully to the ways they interact and communicate with victims, their families and members of the community. EFFECTIVE WAYS FOR POLICE TO SUPPORT VICTIMS WHILE INVESTIGATING THE CRIME remain calm, objective and professional ask victim(s) how they want you to help them request the assistance of translators when needed let victim defer answering questions if they are too distraught ask them they have any idea why this happened to them reassure victim that they are not to blame for what happened voice you support of the actions the victim took to protect themselves and defuse the situation allow them to vent feelings about the incident or crime encourage victim to tell the story in their own words ask them to recall, the best of their ability, the exact words of the perpetrator(s) ask victim if they have family members or friends who can support them inform them of what efforts can be made to enhance their safety reassure them that every effort will be made to protect their anonymity during the investigation tell victim about the probable sequence of events in the investigation provide information about community and department resources available to protect and support victim, their families and members of the community   AVOID: being abrupt or rushed tell victim(s) that you know how they feel asking them whether they think this was a bias or hate crime criticizing the victim’s behavior making assumptions about the victim’s culture, religion, sexual orientation or lifestyle choices allowing personal value judgements about the victim’s behavior, lifestyle or culture to affect your objectivity using stereotyped or biased terms belittling the seriousness of the incident, especially if the perpetrator was a juvenile REASONS WHY VICTIMS MAY BE RELUCTANT TO REPORT OR PARTICIPATE IN THE INVESTIGATION OF A HATE CRIME: fear of re-victimization or retaliation fear of having privacy compromised for gays and lesbians, fear of repercussions from being “outted” to family and employers fear of law enforcement and uncertainty about justice agency responses for aliens, fear of jeopardizing immigration status, being reported to INS or deportation humiliation or shame about being victimized lack of a support system cultural and language barriers What Is the Ongoing Role the Police Play with Hate Crime Victims and the Community? By providing a continuing point of contact throughout the investigation and prosecution phase, police can facilitate a victim’s cooperation with the justice system, assist with the healing process and promote law enforcement’s credibility. In the following ways, officers and their departments can support hate crime victims and members of the community: Provide victim(s) a point of contact in the department to whom they can direct questions or concerns. Inform them on case progress including the end result of the investigation and/or prosecution Help to connect them with appropriate support services, victim advocates and community-based organizations when needed Protect the privacy of victim and their families as possible Engage the media as partners in restoring victimized communities through sensitive and accurate reporting Support or coordinate community clean-up efforts Participate in meetings or other forums designed to address the communitywide impact of hate incidents or crimes Share information, as appropriate, with schools about cases where students or staff were victims or perpetrators of hate crimes Collaborate with community leaders to mobilize resources that can be used to assist victims and prevent future hate incidents and crimes Police Officers and Their Agencies Can Assume a Leadership Role in Their Community to Prevent Hate Incidents and Crimes Police officers can … Help to ensure that victims of hate crimes will report their victimization by demonstrating that law enforcement will respond swiftly and compassionately to all reports Participate in hate crime training Serve as positive role models, exemplifying tolerance of and respect for others Maximize cultural awareness to better communicate and work with citizens from diverse ethnic, racial and religious backgrounds Collaborate with community leaders to increase tolerance and promote peaceful conflict resolution among community members Support and participate in school programs and curricula intended to reduce prejudice and prevent bias-motivated crimes Work with citizens and community organizations to identify and address bias incidents and make referrals to state and local agencies (housing, employment and civil rights) to resolve problems Encourage the media to highlight community successes in preventing and responding to hate crimes and incidents Contribute to tracking and monitoring organize hate groups by gathering, documenting and reporting information about their criminal activities in affected communities Police agencies can … Establish a policy of “zero tolerance” for prejudice throughout the department Ensure police are trained to recognize and respond appropriately to hate crimes Provide officers with user-friendly hate crime incident report forms that comply with state and national reporting standards Sponsor and participate in community events and activities that promote diversity, tolerance, bias reduction and conflict resolution Track the criminal activities of organized hate groups Collaborate with community organizations, schools, and other public agencies to develop coordinated approaches to hate crime prevention and response Engage the media as partners in restoring victimized communities and preventing bias-motivated incidents and crimes Document the positive outcomes of hate crime prevention and response strategies Police officers and their agencies can accomplish much by working in partnership with citizens to implement the American vision of diverse and tolerant communities that offer freedom, safety and dignity for all. This project was supported by a grant award #1999-DD-BX-0071 from the Bureau of Justice Assistance and the Office for Victims of Crime; Office of Justice Programs; U.S. Department of Justice, to the International Association of Chiefs of Police. Related Content Supporting the Use of Law Enforcement Event, Target, and Investigative Data Deconfliction in the United States Submitted by: Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Committee NDDC.11.20   WHEREAS, there is a need for domestic law enforcement agencies at all levels to increase investigative
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Matthew Shepard: The legacy of a gay college student 20 years after his brutal murder Matthew Shepard was abducted, beaten and killed 20 years ago because he was gay. ByRobert Zepeda andEmily Shapiro October 26, 2018, 8:21 AM • 20 min read 2:08 Oct. 12, 1998: Matthew Shepard dies after being attacked The 21-year-old college student was savagely beaten by Aaron McKinney and Russell He…Read More Matthew Shepard Foundation Twenty years ago, Matthew Shepard was a “smart, funny” 21-year-old, no different than any other young man that age. He was an “ordinary kid who wanted to make the world a better place,” his parents remembered. Recent Stories from ABC News Top ArticlesREAD MOREBarn explosion kills 2 owners, neighbor innortheast Texas But in October 1998, that all changed, when the openly gay college student was abducted, beaten and tied to a fence in Wyoming. His life ended a few days later, and with it came a widespread awareness of the dangers that members of the LGBTQ community face every day. The homophobic brutal killing also served as a catalyst for progress in America’s laws and culture. In the two decades that have passed, however, it remains debatable how far the country has come since the shock of that crime. A gruesome attack Shepard, a student at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, spent Oct. 6, 1998, at a meeting of the school’s LGBTQ student group planning upcoming events for LGBTQ awareness week, Jason Marsden, executive director of the Matthew Shepard Foundation, told ABC News. He then grabbed coffee with friends before heading to a bar in Laramie in southeastern Wyoming. Shepard was sitting alone at the bar, drinking a beer, when he was approached by Aaron McKinney and Russell Henderson. They later confessed they had “developed a rouse in which they’d pretend to be gay to win Matt’s confidence,” Marsden said. “They could offer him a ride home and rob him,” he added. Matthew Shepard Foundation Matthew Shepard is seen in this undated photo. McKinney and Henderson kidnapped Shepard and told him he was being robbed, Marsden said. (MORE: ‘Gay panic’ defense still used in violence cases may be banned by new federal bill) McKinney hit Shepard about 20 times in the head and face with the end of the pistol, Marsden said, before the two stole Shepard’s shoes, got in their truck and drove back to town. Shepard was found the next day, 18 hours later, by a passing cyclist. He was taken to a Laramie hospital but his head injuries were so severe that he needed a neurosurgeon, so he was moved to a Colorado hospital, Marsden said. Shepard’s parents at the time were in Saudi Arabia, where his father worked. They flew back and were with their son at the hospital for his final few days, Marsden said. When his mother, Judy Shepard, saw the badly beaten college student in the hospital, “he was all bandaged, face swollen, stitches everywhere,” she told ABC News’ “Nightline.” “His fingers curled, toes curled, one eye was a little bit open.” Shepard died on Oct. 12. Paul J. Richards/AFP/Getty Images, FILE Judy and Dennis Shepard speak at the Democratic National Convention at the Staples C…Read More The loss “never heals,” his father, Dennis Shepard, told “Nightline.” “He was just an ordinary kid who wanted to make the world a better place. And they took that away from him. And from us.” (MORE: Oct. 12, 1998: Matthew Shepard dies after being attacked) A promising young life cut short Matthew Shepard was a mischievous, stubborn and argumentative child, his father said. We didn’t realize the amount of violence and discrimination … against the gay community until after he died. He grew up to become very interested in international human rights, particularly women’s rights in the Middle East and Asia, and he studied political science, said Marsden. “His goal was to work for the State Department to try to bring the same privileges and rights he thought he had in America to other countries,” Dennis Shepard said. A few years before his death, Matthew Shepard came out to his mother on the phone. “He said, ‘Mom I’m gay.’ And I said, ‘What took you so long to tell me?'” she recalled. “Rejection was not ever an issue in our family.” (MORE: HBO to air Matthew Shepard documentary) Their son was then living an openly out life. “Everybody he met, he said, ‘Just to let you know ahead of time, I’m gay,'” Dennis Shepard said. “It was like, ‘This is who I am, and that’s the way it’s going to be,'” added Judy Shepard. Dennis Shepard wasn’t worried about his son’s safety. “We didn’t realize the amount of violence and discrimination … against the gay community until after he died,” he said. “We thought, he was born here … he has all the rights, responsibilities, duties and privileges of every other American citizen.” The nation mourns The shocking homophobic crime in the sparsely-populated state garnered national sympathy. The outpouring of love was immediate as flowers and stuffed animals filled the hospital. “This is before the term viral existed, but it really did go viral,” Marsden said. “It spawned candlelight vigils all over the country. There was a mass protest on Fifth Avenue in New York in which almost 100 people were arrested,” Marsden said, as well as a vigil at the U.S. Capitol with celebrities and members of Congress. Evan Agostini/Getty Images FILE A candlelight vigil is held for Slain gay Wyoming student Matthew Shepard, Oct. 19, 1998. (MORE: New details emerge in Matthew Shepard murder) “All of these spontaneous vigils were organized by volunteers independently of one another. All of the calls to action for hate crime legislation were the work of individual civic and political leaders,” Marsden explained. “It was a spontaneous outrage about the severity of this crime and the overall phenomenon of hate crimes against LGBT people, which were starting to get more social attention around this time than they had received in previous years.” But it wasn’t all sympathy. Members of the Westboro Baptist Church protested the funeral, picketing with anti-gay signs. Rev. Fred Phelps and his parishioners traveled from Kansas to Laramie for the funeral and trial, protesting with brightly colored signs and spewing hatred. Friends of the slain student dressed in angel costumes and staged a counter-protest encircling the parishioners so their signs wouldn’t be visible. Juana Arias/The Washington Post/AP Matthew Shepard’s friends Walter Boulden and Alex Trout, from left, get emotional as th…Read More Two killers head to court After McKinney and Henderson were arrested, Henderson waived his pre-trial investigation and took a plea agreement, agreeing to two life sentences. McKinney went to trial, and defense attorneys argued his violent actions were “gay panic” — a reaction to Shepard making a sexual advance. “When the defense gets out there and starts talking out of, the victim’s fault, you know, ‘gay panic,’ … you just really want to scream,” Judy Shepard said. “One of the portions of his statement was that Matt was coming onto him … if that’s your defense, then every woman in a bar who gets hit on, she has the right to murder the guy sitting on her? That’s just absurd.” The “gay panic” defense is still legal in most states but has been outlawed in a few. It’s been used since the 1960s in more than half of the states in the country, according to the Williams Institute at UCLA School of Law. McKinney was convicted on numerous kidnapping and murder charges. Before sentencing, his attorneys, the Shepards and the prosecutors agreed to two consecutive life sentences in exchange for taking the death penalty off the table. McKinney has declined to speak to ABC News while Henderson did not immediately respond to a request for comment. (MORE: LGBT Pride Month 2018: What to know about its history, events, parades) Change in Washington Shepard’s murder shined a light on the scope of federal hate crime laws, which at the time did not include sexual orientation or gender identity. Hector Mata/AFP via Getty Images FILE Two gay activists demonstrate in the streets of North Hollywood to protest against the d…Read More Andrew Savulich/NY Daily News Archive via Getty Images Demonstrators protest the hate killing of gay student Matthew Shepard, Oct. 19, 1998. “Matt’s murder immediately raised the visibility of that effort and, although it took until 2009, it did eventually pass and was signed into law by President Obama,” Marsden said. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act added crimes motivated by the victim’s gender, sexual orientation, gender identity and disability to the federal hate crime law. James Byrd Jr., who was black, was murdered by three white supremacists in Texas in June 1998. Byrd was dragged behind a pickup truck, decapitated and dismembered. The moment Obama signed the hate crimes law “was amazing,” Judy Shepard said. “He understood social injustice. And to be there with James Byrd’s sisters when they, when he actually signed, signed into law, it was an incredible experience. And it was a relief and it was also a total understanding that there was just really a lot more left to do.” Win McNamee/Getty Images, FILE President Barack Obama delivers remarks on the enactment of the “Matthew Shepard an…Read More “There’s now been dozens of cases prosecuted against violent offenders who attack people based on their sexual orientation or gender identity or other characteristics that are now easier to prosecute than they were under the previous law,” said Marsden. “Also several states either passed hate crime legislation for the first time or made their hate crime laws tougher.” Beyond the federal hate crime law, in the years since Matthew Shepard’s death, among the most substantive legislative wins for the LGBTQ community were the repeal of Don’t Ask Don’t Tell in 2010, so gay military members can serve openly without fear of being dismissed, and the legalization of same-sex marriage across the country in 2015. A shift in American culture The tragic murder also led to the creation of the Matthew Shepard Foundation, the mission of which “is replacing hate with compassion, understanding and acceptance,” Judy Shepard said. “The core of what we do is trying to get individual people excited about making a difference,” Marsden said of the foundation. “If millions of people wanted to act in tandem, we could make hate obsolete. We could define our social norms in such a way that this kind of behavior would start to go away.” Michael Loccisano/Getty Images, FILE Judy Shepard and Dennis Shepard speak onstage at Logo’s “Trailblazer Honors” 2015 at…Read More For Judy Shepard, one of the best signs of cultural progress is seeing Gay Straight Alliance groups ramping up in schools. In Wyoming, where there’s a population of just 500,000, she said there are 19 Gay Straight Alliances. Matthew Shepard’s story has also lived on through various creative works, including the “The Laramie Project” and “The Laramie Project: Ten Years Later” plays, which tell the story of how Laramie residents reacted to the murder. They are among the most performed plays in American high schools, Marsden said, and have even been performed across the world in different languages, Judy Shepard said. “It’s a universal story,” she said. “If you remove the sexuality from the story and insert race or religion, it’s exactly the same story of intolerance in a community or intolerance of individuals and how it affects a community.” “Matt’s story, I think, was inspirational to many people, especially people his age who had not previously been active in LGBT rights who started doing so. Some have gone on to be really prominent activists in the community,” Marsden said. Back to ‘ground zero’ “I thought we were making such great progress in the Obama administration,” Judy Shepard said, but after the 2016 presidential election, she felt the progress of the foundation was at “ground zero again.” The Trump administration has brought changes including an order to ban transgender troops in the military and a new “religious liberty task force” that advocates fear will provide an excuse for discrimination. Just this month, a new policy went into effect in which the Trump administration will no longer provide visas for same-sex domestic partners of foreign diplomats and U.N. officials serving in the U.S. “I’m just so mad that we are regressing,” Judy Shepard said. “We’re back on the road talking about hate and acceptance and loving your neighbor and, you know, all those things again.” During the Obama administration, the Department of Justice “was working with us.” “They would set up conferences to educate law enforcement, NGOs and nonprofits on how to deal with hate crimes. How to address them, how to identify them, how to work with victims. And they would invite us to come,” Judy Shepard said. “We visited several countries, 25 countries with [the] State Department. Now we’re not.” “Now the [Department of Justice] definitely does not want to work with us,” she continued. “Civil rights is not an issue, a primary issue, for the DOJ anymore. … So we don’t get calls from them anymore.” To Marsden, the degrees of progress for LGBTQ rights in the past 20 years vary. Especially in urban areas, Marsden said he thinks “LGBT people have a good deal more personal freedom, career opportunities, are much less subject to discrimination. I think a lot of our schools are safer, including bullying issues, which of course affect people way beyond the LGBT community — they affect anyone who is different in some way or another than the perceived norm. “However, if you look back in history every time there’s great progress there’s also a great backlash going on,” he said, citing how the end of slavery prompted the evolution of KKK and Jim Crow, while the 1960s Civil Rights movement ignited racial violence. “All of the advances we’ve made have been great but they haven’t reached everyone. It’s still a very hard time to be a [transgender] kid in America even in more enlightened parts of the country, certainly in more rural parts of the country.” A Gallup poll from May 2018 found that 31 percent of people don’t think marriages between same-sex couples should be recognized by the law as valid, with the same rights as traditional marriages. “The overall lesson about looking back on progress is you have to fight to keep it. It can be very easy politically in this time in America to reverse the accomplishments made in the last 10 or 15 years,” Marsden said. “I want people to be very conscious of their safety,” said Judy Shepard, warning that hate is still very much out there and that women, people and members of the LGBT community are especially vulnerable. “Especially now, when we hear so much vitriol being shouted from our leaders.” “The number of hate crimes against LGBT people has gone up in the last two years, just like racial and religious hate crimes have,” Marsden said. Reported hate crimes in the nation’s 10 biggest cities rose 12.5 percent last year — the fourth consecutive annual rise in a row and the highest total in over 10 years, according to an analysis from California State University San Bernardino’s Center for the Study of Hate & Extremism. “Most hate crimes and discrimination are racial or religious — LGBT is a smaller percentage,” Marsden said. “We see, sadly, the kind of person who hates a certain race it’s pretty likely you’re the kind of person that hates a certain religion or a certain sexual orientation or gender identity, as well.” A legacy — and life — memorialized To the slain student’s mother, Matthew Shepard shouldn’t just be remembered for his legacy — he should be remembered for his life. “I want people to remember that he was a person, that he was more than this icon in the photograph and the stories,” Judy Shepard said. “He was just, he was a 21-year-old college student who drank too much, who smoked too much and didn’t go to class enough. Just like every other 21-year-old college student. He had flaws. He was smart, funny. People just were drawn to him. And there was a great loss not just to us, but to all his friends. And people who hadn’t met him yet.” ABC News’ Meghan Keneally and Conor Finnegan contributed to this report. Comments (116)